Beyond Collaborative Governance: Symbolic Co-Management in Marine Conservation Partnerships at Wakatobi National Park

Abstract

This article examines the institutional dynamics and practical implications of collaborative conservation between the Wakatobi National Park Authority and the Posa’asa Fishermen’s Forum in Wakatobi Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Using a qualitative case study methodology, this research analyses the governance structure, stakeholder roles, distribution of benefits, and conflicts arising within the partnership. Findings indicate that although this partnership is formally based on the principle of co-management, its operations take place within a governance model dominated by state actors. This structure limits local decision-making authority, reinforces power imbalances, and hinders inclusive participation. unclear zoning, institutional inertia and weak law enforcement are further widening the gap between collaborative rhetoric and practice on the ground. As a result, co-management remains largely symbolic, with no equal sharing of power or mutual accountability amongst stakeholders. This study identifies critical barriers to effective collaboration, including unclear zoning, institutional inertia, weak law enforcement, capacity gaps, and the absence of conflict resolution mechanisms. Drawing on contemporary frameworks in collaborative governance, network theory, and new public governance, this article argues that genuine co-management requires institutional redesign that promotes power-sharing, trust-building, and adaptive governance. This research contributes to current debates in public administration and environmental governance, offering relevant policy recommendations for more equitable, long-term and sustainable conservation partnerships.